Why Diego Garcia Is Back at the Center of Global Strategy

Why Diego Garcia Is Back at the Center of Global Strategy

Context Far from major population centers, the small atoll of Diego Garcia rarely appears in daily headlines. Yet the island has quietly become one of the most important strategic locations in the Indian Ocean. Renewed tensions in the Middle East, combined with intensifying great-power competition, have brought new attention to the military base located there. What happened … Read more

The World’s Nuclear Powers: Capabilities, History, and Risks to Humanity

The World’s Nuclear Powers: Capabilities, History, and Risks to Humanity

Introduction Since the detonation of the first atomic bomb in 1945, nuclear weapons have reshaped international politics, military strategy, and humanity’s perception of existential risk. The unprecedented destructive power demonstrated during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki revealed that a single weapon could devastate an entire city. In the decades that followed, several countries … Read more

Spain, the Iran Conflict, and the Primacy of International Law: A European Perspective on War, Alliances, and Defense Spending

Spain, the Iran Conflict, and the Primacy of International Law: A European Perspective on War, Alliances, and Defense Spending

Introduction The recent escalation of tensions surrounding Iran has generated profound debate among Western allies regarding the legality, legitimacy, and strategic consequences of military action in the Middle East. While several governments have supported the United States’ confrontational approach toward Tehran, Spain has adopted a more cautious and legally grounded position. Madrid’s response reflects a … Read more

Europe Under a Shared Nuclear Umbrella: Strategic Autonomy and Transatlantic Complementarity

Europe Under a Shared Nuclear Umbrella: Strategic Autonomy and Transatlantic Complementarity

In recent years, the debate over Europe’s strategic autonomy has intensified, driven by geopolitical instability, the war in Ukraine, and shifting global power dynamics. Among the most significant proposals emerging from this discussion is the initiative promoted by French President Emmanuel Macron to extend France’s nuclear deterrence umbrella to cover European partners. The proposal has … Read more

Missiles, Narratives, and Endurance: Iran’s Strategy Compared to Saddam Hussein’s Gulf War Gamble

Missiles, Narratives, and Endurance: Iran’s Strategy Compared to Saddam Hussein’s Gulf War Gamble

The strategic logic guiding Iran’s confrontation with Israel and the United States reflects a mixture of military pragmatism, political signaling, and psychological warfare. Although the geopolitical context of the twenty-first century differs substantially from that of the early 1990s, notable similarities exist between Iran’s current strategic posture and the approach adopted by Saddam Hussein during … Read more

The 2026 Iran–United States–Israel Confrontation: objective analysis of causes, justifications, legal issues, likely endgames and economic consequences

The 2026 Iran–United States–Israel Confrontation: objective analysis of causes, justifications, legal issues, likely endgames and economic consequences

Summary Between late February and early March 2026, coordinated strikes by the United States and Israel against targets inside the Islamic Republic of Iran produced a dramatic escalation: explosions in multiple Iranian cities, substantial Iranian retaliatory missile and drone attacks against Israeli territory and U.S. forces in the region, and significant civilian casualties and infrastructure … Read more

From the League of Nations to the United Nations: History, Parallels, and the Question of Institutional Survival

From the League of Nations to the United Nations: History, Parallels, and the Question of Institutional Survival

Introduction: When International Order Becomes Fragile International organizations tend to be born in moments of trauma. The League of Nations emerged from the devastation of the First World War, while the United Nations (UN) was founded in the ashes of the Second. Both were conceived as mechanisms to prevent humanity from repeating its worst mistakes. Both promised collective security, … Read more