The strategic logic guiding Iran’s confrontation with Israel and the United States reflects a mixture of military pragmatism, political signaling, and psychological warfare. Although the geopolitical context of the twenty-first century differs substantially from that of the early 1990s, notable similarities exist between Iran’s current strategic posture and the approach adopted by Saddam Hussein during … Read more

Introduction: When International Order Becomes Fragile International organizations tend to be born in moments of trauma. The League of Nations emerged from the devastation of the First World War, while the United Nations (UN) was founded in the ashes of the Second. Both were conceived as mechanisms to prevent humanity from repeating its worst mistakes. Both promised collective security, … Read more