Europe Cannot Federalize Without Democratizing: Why Institutional Reform Must Come Before Deeper Integration

Europe Cannot Federalize Without Democratizing: Why Institutional Reform Must Come Before Deeper Integration

Subtitle: A Democratic Blueprint for Reforming the European Union Europe’s Real Problem Is Not Federalization The debate surrounding the future of the European Union has long been dominated by a familiar question: should Europe become a federation, or should it remain primarily a union of sovereign states? While this discussion continues to shape political discourse … Read more

The Degradation of Democracy in Turkey: From Atatürk’s Republic to Erdoğan’s Neo‑Ottoman Ambitions

The Degradation of Democracy in Turkey: From Atatürk’s Republic to Erdoğan’s Neo‑Ottoman Ambitions

Introduction For much of the twentieth century, Turkey occupied a unique position between Europe and the Middle East. Founded in the aftermath of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish Republic emerged under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as a secular, nationalist, and modernizing state. It was presented as proof that a predominantly … Read more

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